Some Ideas on News Articles You Need To Know

The Basic Principles Of News Articles


Individuals have a propensity to tell stories chronologically. Newswriting design is not sequential. The inverted pyramid turns storytelling on its head. Image an upside-down triangle: the broad base represents the most newsworthy details, and the slim idea the least newsworthythat's the upside down pyramid. It places the most essential or juiciest info on top of the tale; the rest of the info is given up order of descending value.


If it's a record regarding a conference, as an example, search for the keynote audio speaker's bottom line, choices taken, record-breaking participation, or some other relevant info. To start by stating X society held its yearly conference on X date at X isn't news; that lead might have been composed months prior to the conference.


(And speaking of the when and where, when a newsletter is coming out months after a conference, it's not needed to offer the day; just the month or also the period suffices.) Newswriting commonly does not share point of view unless it's associated to a source. Of program, we do not have to be so meticulous concerning saying Northwestern is fantastic, however opinions that people could contest must be connected.




The 3-Minute Rule for News Articles


A person's full given name or both initials need to be used on first referencenot just a single preliminary. It should not be assumed that every visitor recognizes that the individual is; she or he should be determined in a method that relates to the post. In captions, it's not necessary to use a middle first if it's currently been utilized in the text.


If there is engaging reason to use first or 2nd individual, don't container visitors by abrupt buttons of individual. They must come out of info in the body of the text and not existing brand-new details.




News ArticlesNews Articles
Articles (a, an, the) are normally not used in headlines.




Not known Details About News Articles


Youngsters should establish the habit of checking out the paper on a daily basis. One means to obtain youngsters interested in reading papers is by inquiring to share their views regarding newspapers via an essay composing exercise. When pupils of courses 1, 2 and 3 create an essay concerning papers, they will certainly require to include some realities about the print medium.


Creating an essay on the significance of the newspapers is a common activity in primary college. News Articles. Before your youngster starts writing an essay, it would certainly help to keep in mind of these key factors to bear in mind: An essay has three components an intro, body, and conclusion. Your intro can consist of the meaning of a paper and just how so several individuals are dependent on reviewing newspapers to gain details concerning the globe


If you are a student in higher qualities, you will certainly be anticipated to compose lengthier essays, for which you can divide your body right into 2 or three paragraphs and provide even more details on the background of papers, the downsides of papers, and exactly how a globe without newspapers would certainly be. End your essay by stating the value of newspapers and just how we can boost the quality of the web content in newspapers.


Complying with are 10 lines on newspapers that will assist your kid write a brief essay on the topic. News that is printed on paper is called a newspaper.




The 20-Second Trick For News Articles


The first newspaper that was published in India was the Bengal Gazette. Typically, people like to read the paper that comprises even more information and news concerning their town or city. Papers have multiple areas for numerous subjects, such as economic situation, politics, amusement, sports, and extra. Newspapers contain photos that clarify the information in a better fashion.




News ArticlesNews Articles
A brief paragraph have a peek at this site on the significance of papers should cover all the vital information regarding papers to include some facts in addition to some sights and viewpoints to make it a perfect read for youngsters. Following is a short paragraph on the importance of newspapers: A newspaper is quite a significant and powerful tool that offers info to all its viewers.


We get our daily information with the assistance of newspapers very early each early morning. The newspaper is a dependable resource that gives us info just after the fact of the matter has been completely explored.




Not known Details About News Articles


A paper is a printed magazine of news. Media houses with reporters release newspapers that we read (News Articles).




As soon as youngsters are in course 3, they need to create lengthier essays covering even more information concerning the given subject. For this, they will require to research on the offered topic in information check my blog to be able to write an excellent essay. They can refer to this instance for collecting points on the importance of papers: Papers provide details from worldwide.


Papers handle clinical, social-political, and cultural activities and are also a great means of service promotion. There are a number of benefits connected with reading newspapers. It is an excellent reading material to reinforce vocabulary and language while boosting basic understanding. Aside from being informative, papers cover entertainment beat with the addition of various specific niches, such as lifestyle and fashion.


As a culture, we obtain multiple gain from newspapers. Checking out a great paper is a superb way of understanding what is occurring around us. They bring the globe closer together by keeping individuals on one end of the world notified regarding the happenings in the various other edge of the globe.




How News Articles can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


They likewise dedicate a section for children where we can read comics, resolve some puzzles, word video games and crosswords. Papers can aid one create intellectual professors and must be read with great passion, rate of interest, and interest. The advent of digital media has played a substantial role in individuals losing the habit of reading papers, specifically amongst the young people.




News ArticlesNews Articles
Nonetheless, papers have their own importance because of which they are still widely review. One of the main functions of a paper is to maintain the viewers informed of all the happenings throughout the globe. Papers supply individuals all type of information, no issue which component of the word we remain in.


Whenever there is any modification in a country's guidelines and guidelines, the vital notice obtains printed in the newspapers to make certain we understand them. Papers give credibility like no various other medium as it is a visit this site right here created file of events. They are generally well-researched and balanced narratives of vital occasions.


Our early morning breakfast won't be gone along with by reviewing informative news and intriguing editorials (News Articles). Not simply for present events, old archives of papers too, are very crucial for us to learn concerning the history of any country. In a world without papers, we will certainly lose out on this really vital documentation of day-to-day events

 

The Only Guide for News Report Today

See This Report on News Report Today


Our Information Literacy Record discovered that 86% of the public idea confessing to blunders was an essential worth for reporters to be assisted by. This was contrasted with simply 46% who felt it WAS a value that reporters and authors held dear. While the severity of errors will certainly differ relying on the degree of impact the detail has on the story or a private entailed, a proportionate adjustment must be issued asap after being signaled to the blunder.




News Report TodayNews Report Today
In the web age, information can spread out rapidly. If too much time is taken to correct an error, the false information may have already spread out across social networks and multiple various other sites. By registering to Thrill, our 200+ participant magazines accept promote these standards in their day-to-day procedures. If you feel an Impress member has breached our Code in any kind of way, you can make a complaint by first obtaining in touch with the author and after that with Impress if you are dissatisfied with the result.


We are below to make certain news providers can release with integrity; and the public can participate in an ever-changing media landscape with self-confidence. We established the highest possible regulative standards for information, offer education and learning to assist people make informed selections and offer resolution when disputes emerge. Louie Chandler: - News Report Today/ 02033076778




Fascination About News Report Today


Chapter 5: News Writing Essentials In general, news stories are arranged using the upside down pyramid design, in which details exists in descending order of relevance. This allows the audience to review one of the most important information quickly so they can make a decision whether to continue or stop reviewing the tale. From a modifying perspective, making use of the inverted pyramid design makes it easier to cut a story from all-time low, if required.


Consequently, it is very important for students to discover the design; one great way to do so is to routinely check out hard news tales and pay interest to just how the leads are structured. The lead (likewise called the summary lead) and the body of the upside down pyramid design are gone over in the next areas.


Discover a lot more reads and resources on newsgathering, verification and eyewitness media at There has actually never been a better time to be an eyewitness on the social web.




How News Report Today can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


News Report TodayNews Report Today
At Storyful, we work with eyewitnesses on a daily basis finding their stories on the social web and sharing them with wire service all over the world (News Report Today). To do this properly, we have to show some empathy when reaching webpage out and speaking with uploaders, thinking about what they have actually simply experienced, be it amusing or traumatic


In 1963, Abraham Zapruder was the co-owner of a ladies's garments firm when he captured what is arguably one of the most most popular eyewitness videos of all time: the murder of President John F. Kennedy., Zapruder was traumatised by what he saw that day for many years to come.


Frequently, we as reporters and as audiences can take the eyewitness' scenario for provided. We might see an item of content that records an incident completely, and, in our haste to release, neglect to represent the well-being of the person that recorded it. When connecting to eyewitnesses on social media, we sometimes fall short to ask if the eyewitness is alright prior to asking if their material can be used on information systems.




The Ultimate Guide To News Report Today


News Report TodayNews Report Today
At Storyful, we care concerning the welfare of the uploaders and normally make the effort to ask, or send out a follow-up message to recognize the eyewitnesses' situation. See the following instance, where the resource uploaded dramatic footage revealing a shootout outside the Dallas station house in June. It takes just a few even more characters to inquire regarding a witness's safety and to discuss their rights.




Now have a look at the media craze over footage from attacks in Paris in January of this year, which started with a capturing at the offices of French ridiculing magazine Charlie Hebdo, and finished with a dozen individuals dead. The following video was submitted to Instagram, where character constraints aren't as strictly applied, unlike in the Twitter example over.


While the resource in blog here the example over appears to have later on licensed his video with an agency that reached out on Instagram asking him to make get in touch with, this strategy does not constantly function. Take the case of Zapruder in 1963. In the hours adhering to the Kennedy murder, he was provided thousands of dollars to market his video footage to find this different members of the press.


As well long have actually others represented us. Also long has the publick been tricked by misstatements, in things which worry us dearly" The clear objective outlined in this beginning record talked with the demand for Black press and set the tone for the function Black media still play in our communities and Black society at huge.




Little Known Facts About News Report Today.


This function of the Black press was both needed and visible over the previous 18 months when the merging of the most awful pandemic in United States background and state violence both were overmuch affecting Black Americans. This record, a relative content analysis of the Black press and US traditional media, leads that Black media have proceeded the tradition begun by the Journal in a contemporary context.


This report aims to provide proof as to why Black media matters currently. We must work to ensure that Black media will not just endure, but flourish for generations ahead. Black Media Initiative DirectorCenter for Community MediaCraig Newmark Graduate Institution of Journalism at the City University of New York.

 

Rumored Buzz on Online News Article

7 Easy Facts About Online News Article Shown


They have actually not been widely made use of with average, enthusiastic, or gifted viewers. Varley (2002) composes, "Uncertain whether audiobooks belong to the commendable world of publications or the more dubious world of amusement, elementary and high-school instructors have usually cast a shady eye at them, and lots of have actually selected the safe program of evasion." It could be proper, after that, to list the advantages of audiobooks for all trainees.


Also with all the benefits of audiobooks, nevertheless, they are not for all students. For some, the speed may be as well quick or also slow-moving. For others, the narrator's voice can be irritating or using cassette or CD players can be troublesome when contrasted to the flexibility of guide.


Varley (2002) states, "If one point has struck me about the means individuals describe listening to audiobooks, it is the reported intensity of their absorption and the emotional grasp of the experience. 'They go right to your soul,' states one listener." One factor a lot more audiobooks are not discovering their way right into class is availability.


Audiobooks can be a welcome enhancement to every classroom. Several students are enthusiastic visitors while others are battling to come to be viewers and still others have provided up hope.




Indicators on Online News Article You Should Know


Newspaper audience still holds a fantastic amount of value to people in an increasingly electronic dominated landscape.




Online News ArticleOnline News Article
One United States research study located that 56% of customers count on newspaper article when they are printed in papers, whereas just 35% trust news they check out in social networks. In the United States, 87% of individuals that read papers really feel a duty to favorably influence their neighborhoods. 74% of Americans feel that neighborhood newspapers are necessary for specifying the society of a community.


Paper visitors often tend to be curious about the papers they review as a resource of info, instead of amusement. People that review newspapers regularly are more probable to be educated and energetic in city government and politics than non-readers. Contrasted to TV information watchers, paper viewers are most likely to have a four-year level.




Rumored Buzz on Online News Article


Kids whose moms and dads read newspapers are more probable to review the paper themselves in later life. Since 2023, news consumers across various age teams in Fantastic Britain were asked to mention their recommended method of news usage. Reviewing news was the favored or joint recommended method of information intake for 3 out of the 4 age groups evaluated.


For the 25-49 age, 45% of customers favored to review information (1st), whereas 24% of customers preferred to watch news (second). For the 50-64 age, 40% of customers favored to read news (1st), whereas 36% of consumers favored to view information (second) (Online News Article). For the 65+ age team, 41% of consumers favored to review information and 41% favored to see information (joint first)


Physical papers allow visitors to be much more mindful and involved to the stories they include, as they include fewer distractions when compared to digital newspapers. here Nevertheless, digital paper sites allow stories to be launched throughout the day, increasing protection and can urge individuals to comment and discuss issues.




Online News ArticleOnline News Article
Right here are several of the benefits that you can manage reading everyday papers: Papers carry the news of the globe. Papers provide details and basic knowledge. Newspapers offer information about a nation's economic circumstance, sporting activities, video games, enjoyment, profession and business. Reviewing paper makes a good practice and it is already part of the contemporary life.




4 Easy Facts About Online News Article Shown




Way of livingInformation Share on READ NEXT The technology market proceeds to grow everyday. Making use of a switch to drive an electrical follower or making a huge spacecraft involves technology. As well, it is currently common for people to read the information and upgrade frequently with the use of technology. The days of waiting for information, seeing tv, and checking out newspapers are gone.


Offline readers also have numerous advantages over on-line readers. Let's review regarding the benefits of reading news online. Less costly: Online news is more economical given that there is no distribution charge and no printing work, which usually makes the paper more expensive and compels the viewers to learn more by paying a lot more.


Maintaining up with the news online is a wonderful means to preserve the environment. Paper is made by reducing millions of trees in one stroke and the ink consisting of chemicals on it is found in the environment, contaminating it - Online News Article.


Immediate Edit and Update: Any kind of occasion can be covered immediately with on the internet information. Time is eaten similarly for collection, printing and circulation of offline analysis materials, which is thought about obsoleted in today's find more modern globe. In this feeling, we can say just how essential it this article is to be updated immediately in the contemporary age and why we have to count on online news instead of reviewing offline news.




The Single Strategy To Use For Online News Article


So, by reviewing on the internet news, you have accessibility to a better range of news, depending on your rate of interests. Obtaining the present news, you can additionally obtain the information behind it, which will make it simpler to comprehend. Easy to bring anywhere:. It is not challenging to bring a laptop, cellphone, tablet computer, or electronic watch.

 

3 Easy Facts About International News Online Shown

Getting The International News Online To Work

 

In 1566, an additional forefather of the modern paper appeared in Venice, Italy. Number 4.2 Johannes Gutenberg's printing press greatly enhanced the rate at which published materials could be replicated.


Johannes Gutenberg's printing press considerably changed the face of publishing. In 1440, Gutenberg designed a movable-type press that allowed the top notch reproduction of published products at a price of almost 4,000 web pages per day, or 1,000 times greater than can be done by a scribe by hand. This technology drove down the price of published products and, for the initial time, made them easily accessible to a mass market.


Over the next 5 years, weeklies appeared in Basel, Frankfurt, Vienna, Hamburg, Berlin, and Amsterdam. In 1621, England published its very first paper under the title Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Reduced Countreys. By 1641, a newspaper was published in almost every country in Europe as magazine spread to France, Italy, and Spain.

 

 

 

See This Report about International News Online


The very first was the Dutch-style corantos, a largely jam-packed two- to four-page paper, while the second was the German-style pamphlet, a much more large 8- to 24-page paper. Several publishers started printing in the Dutch format, but as their popularity grew, they changed to the larger German style - International News Online. Since a lot of these very early magazines were managed by the federal government, they did not report on neighborhood information or occasions


In November 1641, a weekly paper titled The Heads of Severall Proceedings in This Present Parliament began concentrating on residential information (Goff, 2007). The paper sustained a conversation about the flexibility of the press that was later expressed in 1644 by John Milton in his famous treatise. Figure 4.4 John Milton's 1644 Areopagitica, which criticized the British Parliament's role in managing messages and assisted pave the way for the freedom of journalism.


Hamilton urged the court to take into consideration the fact and whether what was published was a reality. Disregarding the wishes of the court, that Zenger and his actions, the jury returned a not guilty verdict to the court room after just a short deliberation. Zenger's trial caused 2 significant movements in the march towards flexibility of the press.

 

 

 

International News OnlineInternational News Online
As late as the early 1800s, papers were still fairly pricey to publish. International News Online. Although daily papers had actually come to be much more typical and provided merchants updated, essential trading information, a lot of were valued at about 6 cents a copywell above what craftsmens and various other working-class people could pay for. Paper audience was restricted to the elite.

 

 

 

Excitement About International News Online


Printed on small, letter-sized pages, The Sunlight cost just a dime. With the Industrial Transformation in complete swing, Day utilized the new steam-driven, two-cylinder press to publish The Sun. While the old printing machine can publishing about 125 documents per hour, this highly improved version printed about 18,000 duplicates per hour.

 

 

 

International News OnlineInternational News Online
He published the paper's adage at the top of every front page of The Sunlight: "The things of next this paper is to lay prior to the general public, at a price within the methods of each, all the information of the day, and at the same time provide an advantageous medium for advertisements (Starr, 2004)." The Sunlight sought out tales that would certainly appeal to the brand-new mainstream consumer.


The Sunlight came to be the initial paper to be published by what came to be recognized as the. Prior to the emergence of the penny press, the most prominent paper, New York City's Messenger and Enquirer, had marketed 4,500 duplicates per day.


His paper was the first to send a press reporter to a criminal offense scene to witness an investigation. In the 1860s, Bennett employed 63 battle reporters to cover the united state Civil War. The Herald originally highlighted mind-blowing information, it later on ended up being one of the country's most respected documents for its exact coverage.

 

 

 

The smart Trick of International News Online That Nobody is Discussing


Papers commonly printed an editor's analysis of the story without keeping objectivity. At the same time Pulitzer was developing the New York Globe, William Randolph Hearstan admirer and principal rival of Pulitzertook over the New York Journal. Hearst's life partly inspired the 1941 classic movie Resident Kane. The fight between these 2 major New York papers intensified as Pulitzer and Hearst tried to outsell one another.


Bly invented craziness and had herself committed to the notorious asylum. Such write-ups brought Bly much prestige and fame, and she became recognized as the first stunt journalist.


paper sector in the late 1800s. To contend with each other, the 2 employed sensationalismthe use criminal activity, sex, and scandalto bring in readers. This kind of journalism became called yellow journalism. Yellow journalism is understood for deceptive tales, imprecise information, and exaggerated detail. Please react to the following creating motivates.


Neutral journalism is a difficult suitable. That is, at least, according to Julie Mastrine. "Impartial information doesn't exist. Everyone has a predisposition: daily people and reporters. Which's okay," Mastrine stated. Yet it's not okay for information organizations to hide those biases, she said. "We can be controlled into (a prejudiced outlet's) perspective and unable to examine it critically and fairly and understand where it's coming from," claimed Mastrine, marketing director for AllSides, a media proficiency firm focused on "releasing individuals from filter bubbles." That's why she produced a media bias graph.

 

 

 

Some Of International News Online


Those criteria are not observed throughout the board in the "information" material that individuals eat. Tim Groeling, a communications professor at the College of The Golden State Los Angeles, claimed some customers take as well much of the "news" they run into as neutral.


If undisclosed bias endangers to deceive some news consumers, it likewise pushes others away, he said. "When you have prejudice that's not acknowledged, but exists, that's really destructive to depend on," click to read he claimed. Kelly McBride, a professional on journalism ethics and criteria, NPR's public editor and the chair of the Craig Newmark Center for Ethics and Leadership at Poynter, concurs.

 

 

 

International News OnlineInternational News Online
Reputable media bias rankings could enable marketers to disinvest in edge sites. Groeling, the UCLA teacher, said he might see significant social media and search platforms utilizing prejudice ratings to modify the formulas that determine what material customers see.

 

 

 

Unknown Facts About International News Online




The Ad Fontes chart and the AllSides graph are each very easy to recognize: modern authors on one side, conservative ones on the other. "It's just a lot more noticeable, extra shareable (International News Online). We assume more people can see the rankings by doing this and type of begin to comprehend them and actually begin to assume, 'Oh, you understand, journalism is intended to be unbiased and well balanced,'" Mastrine claimed


"Some subtlety has to go away when it's a visuals," she claimed. "If see this here you constantly maintain it to, 'individuals can just understand if they have an extremely deep conversation,' then some individuals are simply never going to obtain there.


"Overreliance on a chart like this is going to probably offer some customers an incorrect level of confidence," she claimed. The requirement of getting people to look at the chart poses an additional difficulty.
 

The Definitive Guide for Online News

Top Guidelines Of Online News


In the event research study covering sporting activities gaming, Dr. Online News. Mortiz discovered just how problems of passion can endanger a journalist's integrity and impartiality. Reporters need to refuse presents, charges, special therapy, and prevent political activities that could affect their protection. When journalists release their job, they have a continued responsibility to response to the general public and immediately fix any blunders


Discover more about St. Bonaventure College's Online Master of Arts in Digital Journalism or Online Master of Arts in Sports Journalism..


Papers and other electrical outlets should have a place in the class, but just how does that come about? I stated yes, truthfully not understanding what NIE was specifically referring to, however that choice was one of the finest things that I have ever before decided to do.




Some Known Details About Online News


The objective is to enlighten pupils by informing them of what goes on in their neighborhood. Regardless of just how couple of outlets emphasize this element of their solution, the principle has actually been around for a long period of time. At the Atlanta Journal-Constitution special editions of papers used to be provided to teachers and colleges getting involved in the program.


This web page, provided partly by Information in Education and learning, was no much longer functioning out for both the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and the educators and pupils that were no more being offered by this. Something required to alter, yet like several troubles: recognition is the very easy component, and the option is where real difficulty is.


This area of the web site is totally free to gain access to, and gives wonderful product to both pupils and instructors. From competitions to regular lessons, the New York Times offers a wealth of web content for classrooms, however it is exactly how that content is made use of that various other newsrooms must iterate. The New York Times does not merely compose a lesson or make a video for pupils to enjoy, however provides networks for both instructors and students to connect, comment and provide feedback on the solution.




Online News Things To Know Before You Get This


Online NewsOnline News
Students are motivated to discuss write-ups and also develop a certain amount of content through the section's editorial competitions. Meanwhile, for students intending to discover more about journalism, tutorials and lessons from journalists themselves show up on the website. More than just notifying class of existing events, The Understanding Network gains from trainees and educators via involvement exactly how to make their experience much better and exactly how to finest operate.


Focus will not just be on education, but on notifying the trainees in their classrooms of what is taking place in their areas - Online News. While the procedure click this link is still continuous, right now we have done a good quantity of research study and mock-ups for how we think the solution will resemble


While adjustment can be great, losing a whole market that plays an important duty in our culture will certainly hurt the U.S., and perhaps the globe, greater than individuals believe. "Newspapers are the initial harsh draft of background," said Thomas Kuhn, background and government educator. Papers have been a vital form of media for hundreds of years throughout the world.


As generations maintain getting older, the newspaper sector keeps getting smaller sized. "Newspapers report on the huge information around the globe, however neighborhood newspapers can bring a neighborhood with each other," said Kate Siltman, younger journalism pupil.




Little Known Questions About Online News.


Online NewsOnline News
They are offered to every person for anybody to review. What would take place to the people that are reliant on newspapers if papers became a shed item of history?


And information needs Clicking Here to be kept in mind in the type of papers, which become historical papers. While the print sector is shedding steam, the on the internet magazine company and social media are on the surge. Most news business are making the switch to on the internet magazine.


"We can take place Facebook and locate the same articles we would find in a newspaper totally free," claimed Siltman. While the net permits for quicker delivery of the news and simpler instant accessibility, the deepness of details is often lost with on-line magazines. "Individuals typically miss over the headings while they get on their phones, yet with papers, they check out the headings and check out the material that complies with," claimed Kuhn.


"If the government controls the news and press, then the federal government regulates you," claimed Kuhn. Papers have a duty in our democracy by "examining" or being the "guard dog" for all of the various other branches of government, similar to the means every one of the branches check each various other. Journalism is called the "4th estate" of the government.




The Online News PDFs


The authors of Stanton stated, "Keep tossing it on our lawn. We rejoice to have it!".


They are offered to every person for anybody to check out. What would take place to the people that are reliant on newspapers if newspapers came to be a shed piece of history?




And news requirements to be born in mind in the type of papers, which investigate this site become historical papers. While the print sector is losing steam, the online publication company and social media are on the surge. Most news companies are making the switch to on the internet publication.


"We can go on Facebook and discover the very same articles we would find in a newspaper for totally free," stated Siltman. While the web permits for quicker distribution of the information and less complicated prompt accessibility, the deepness of details is frequently lost with online publications. "People commonly miss over the headings while they get on their phones, yet with papers, they check out the headlines and read the content that follows," said Kuhn.




The smart Trick of Online News That Nobody is Talking About


"If the federal government manages the news and press, after that the federal government controls you," claimed Kuhn. Papers have a role in our freedom by "inspecting" or being the "watchdog" for every one of the various other branches of government, comparable to the methods every one of the branches inspect each other. Journalism is referred to as the "4th estate" of the government.


The authors of Stanton claimed, "Keep tossing it on our yard. We are delighted to have it!".

 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15